调查:超过四成在职成年人认为工作影响健康
Key Findings
Chemicals and contaminants top list of biggest health concerns in the workplace
About one in five working adults (22%) say that something at their job may be harmful to their health, including 43% of construction or outdoor workers and 34% of workers in medical jobs.
Among workers with any health concerns about their workplace, the most frequently cited health concerns mentioned are chemicals and other contaminants (30%), unhealthy air (13%), accidents or injuries (12%) and stress (11%).
" data-isabstract="false" class="cmp-text">波士顿美国国家公共电台、罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会(RWJF)和哈佛大学陈T.H.公共卫生学院进行的一项民意调查发现,超过四成(44%)的在职成年人表示,他们目前的工作对他们的整体健康有影响,四分之一(28%)的人表示影响是积极的。
然而,在对美国1600多名工人进行的调查中,六分之一(16%)的工人报告说,他们目前的工作对他们的健康有负面影响。最有可能说自己的工作对整体健康产生负面影响的员工包括残疾人(35%)、从事危险工作的人(27%)、从事低薪工作的人(26%)、每周工作50小时以上的人(25%)和零售行业的人(26%)。
许多有工作的成年人还表示,他们的工作对他们的压力水平(43%)、饮食习惯(28%)、睡眠习惯(27%)和体重(22%)都有负面影响。哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院卫生政策和政治分析教授罗伯特·j·布伦登(Robert J. Blendon)主持了这项调查,他说:“这里的结论是,美国雇主的首要任务是减轻工作场所的压力。”
请在2016年7月11日观看NPR/RWJF/哈佛大学陈学院的网络直播,了解专家对这一话题的看法。访问这个链接要了解更多有关该活动的信息,请观看现场直播,并在可用时访问点播录音。该剧将于2016年7月11日在美国国家公共电台播出。
重要发现
化学物质和污染物是工作场所最大的健康问题
大约五分之一的成年劳动者(22%)表示,他们的工作中可能存在对健康有害的东西,其中包括43%的建筑或户外工作者和34%的医疗工作者。
在对工作场所有健康担忧的工人中,最常提到的健康担忧是化学品和其他污染物(30%)、不健康的空气(13%)、事故或伤害(12%)和压力(11%)。
About one in four workers (24%) rate their workplace as only fair or poor in providing a healthy work environment; however, 34% give their workplace a rating of excellent. About half (51%) say their workplace offers any formal wellness or health improvement programs to help keep themselves healthy.
“Every year, U.S. businesses lose more than $225 billion because of sick and absent workers,” said Robert Wood Johnson President and CEO Risa Lavizzo-Mourey. “But I believe that business drives culture change and with them on board we can succeed in building a Culture of Health in America. It’s not a hard connection to make. In many companies as much as 50 percent of profits are eaten up by health care costs.”
Nearly half of all workers (45%) rate their workplace as only fair or poor in providing healthy food options. Over half of workers in factory or manufacturing jobs (55%), medical jobs (52%), retail outlets (52%) and construction or outdoor jobs (51%) give their workplace a fair or poor rating at providing healthy food options.
A majority of ‘workaholics’ say they work longer hours because it is important to their career; half say they enjoy working longer hours
About one in five working adults (19%) say they work 50 or more hours per week in their main job; these workers are called ‘workaholics’ in this study. When given a list of possible reasons why they work 50+ hours per week, a majority of these workers (56%) say they do so because it’s important for their career to work longer hours, 50% say they enjoy doing so and just 37% say they do it because they need the money.
A majority of working adults say they still go to work when they are sick
A majority (55%) of working adults say they still go to work always or most of the time when they have a cold or the flu, including more than half (60%) of those who work in medical jobs and half (50%) of restaurant workers.
Types of workers who are most likely to still go to work always or most of the time when they are sick include those working 50+ hours per week in their main job (70%), those working two or more jobs (68%), workers in low-paying jobs (65%) and younger workers ages 18-29 (60%).
Low-wage workers often face worse conditions than high-wage workers
Working adults in self-reported low-paying jobs often report worse working conditions than those in high-paying jobs. For instance, more than four in ten workers in low-paying jobs report facing potentially dangerous situations at work (45% vs. 33% in high-paying jobs), and almost two-thirds (65% vs. 48% in high-paying jobs) say they still go to work always or most of the time when they are sick.
One in four workers in low-paying jobs (26%) say their job has a negative impact on their overall health, compared to just 14% of those in high-paying jobs. “In an era of concern about low-wage workers, it’s clear they face more negative health impacts from their jobs compared to those who are paid substantially more,” said Blendon.
Methodology
This poll is part of an on-going series of surveys developed by researchers at the Harvard Opinion Research Program (HORP) at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and NPR. The research team consists of the following members at each institution.
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health: Robert J. Blendon, Professor of Health Policy and Political Analysis and Executive Director of HORP; John M. Benson, Research Scientist and Managing Director of HORP; Justin M. Sayde, Administrative and Research Manager; and Mary T. Gorski, Research Fellow.
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Fred Mann, Vice President, Communications; Carolyn Miller, Senior Program Officer, Research and Evaluation; and Joe Costello, Director of Marketing.
- NPR: Anne Gudenkauf, Senior Supervising Editor, Science Desk; and Joe Neel, Deputy Senior Supervising Editor, Science Desk.
Interviews were conducted by SSRS of Media (PA) via telephone—including both landline and cell phone—using random-digit dialing from January 6 to February 7, 2016, among a nationally representative probability sample of 1,601 workers in the U.S. In this survey, “workers” are defined as adults working full- or part-time who are either employers or work for someone else in their main job (not self-employed), and who work for 20 hours or more hours per week in their main job. The interviews were conducted in English and Spanish. The margin of error for total respondents is +/- 2.9 percentage points at the 95% confidence level.
Possible sources of non-sampling error include non-response bias, as well as question wording and ordering effects. Non-response in telephone surveys produces some known biases in survey-derived estimates because participation tends to vary for different subgroups of the population. To compensate for these known biases and for variations in probability of selection within and across households, sample data are weighted by cell phone/landline use and demographics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education and number of adults in household) to reflect the true population. Other techniques, including random-digit dialing, replicate subsamples and systematic respondent selection within households, are used to ensure that the sample is representative.
" data-isabstract="false" class="cmp-text">大约四分之一的工人认为他们的工作场所在提供健康的工作环境方面公平或差;大约一半的学校提供健康或健康改善项目
大约四分之一的工人(24%)认为他们的工作场所在提供健康的工作环境方面只是公平或差;然而,34%的人给他们的工作场所打了“优秀”的评分。大约一半(51%)的人表示,他们的工作场所提供任何正式的健康或健康改善计划,以帮助他们保持健康。
“每年,由于员工生病和缺勤,美国企业损失超过2250亿美元,”罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊总裁兼首席执行官里萨·拉维佐-穆里说。“但我相信,商业会推动文化变革,有了他们的参与,我们就能成功地建立起一个健康文化在美国。建立这种联系并不难。在许多公司,高达50%的利润都被医疗费用消耗掉了。”
近一半的员工(45%)认为他们的工作场所在提供健康食品选择方面仅为一般或较差。在工厂或制造业工作(55%)、医疗工作(52%)、零售店工作(52%)以及建筑或户外工作(51%)的工人中,超过一半的人对工作场所提供的健康食品选择给出了一般或较差的评价。
大多数“工作狂”表示,他们工作更长时间是因为这对他们的事业很重要;一半的人说他们喜欢长时间工作
大约五分之一的在职成年人(19%)表示,他们每周的主要工作时间为50小时或更长;在这项研究中,这些员工被称为“工作狂”。当列出他们每周工作50小时以上的可能原因时,大多数人(56%)说他们这样做是因为延长工作时间对他们的职业生涯很重要,50%的人说他们喜欢这样做,只有37%的人说他们这样做是因为他们需要钱。
大多数有工作的成年人表示,他们生病时仍然去上班
大多数在职成年人(55%)表示,当他们患感冒或流感时,他们仍然总是或大部分时间去上班,其中包括超过一半(60%)从事医疗工作的人和一半(50%)从事餐馆工作的人。
最有可能在生病时始终或大部分时间仍然工作的工人类型包括每周工作50小时以上的主要工作人员(70%),同时从事两份或两份以上工作的人员(68%),从事低薪工作的人员(65%)和年龄在18-29岁的年轻工人(60%)。
低薪工人的工作条件往往比高薪工人差
从事低薪工作的成年人通常比从事高薪工作的人工作条件更差。例如,超过四成从事低薪工作的人报告说,他们在工作中面临潜在的危险情况(45%对33%的高薪工作),近三分之二(65%对48%的高薪工作)的人说,他们生病时仍然总是或大部分时间去上班。
四分之一从事低薪工作的人(26%)表示,他们的工作对他们的整体健康有负面影响,而从事高薪工作的人只有14%这样认为。布伦登说:“在一个关注低薪工人的时代,很明显,与那些薪水高得多的人相比,他们的工作对健康的负面影响更大。”
方法
这项民意调查是由研究人员正在进行的一系列调查的一部分哈佛民意研究项目(HORP)哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院与罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会和美国国家公共电台合作。研究小组由各机构的以下成员组成。
- 哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院罗伯特J.布伦登卫生政策和政治分析教授兼卫生政策研究所执行主任;John M. Benson, HORP的研究科学家和董事总经理;Justin M. Sayde,行政和研究经理;玛丽·t·戈尔斯基,研究员。
- 罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会:弗雷德·曼,通讯副总裁;研究与评估高级项目官员卡罗琳·米勒;以及营销总监乔·科斯特洛。
- NPR:科学台高级编辑安妮·古登考夫;乔·尼尔,科学台副高级监督编辑。
采访是由SSRS的媒体(PA)通过telephone-including固话和手机使用者最多随机数字拨号从1月6日到2月7日,2016年,全国代表概率抽样的1601名工人中,美国在这个调查中,“工人”被定义为成年人工作全职或兼职雇主或为别人工作的主要工作(不是自由职业者),和每周工作20小时或更多的时间在他们的主要工作。访谈用英语和西班牙语进行。在95%的置信水平上,所有受访者的误差幅度为+/- 2.9个百分点。
非抽样误差的可能来源包括非反应偏差,以及问题措辞和排序效应。电话调查中的无反应会对调查得出的估计产生一些已知的偏差,因为人口的不同亚组的参与往往有所不同。为了弥补这些已知的偏差以及家庭内部和家庭之间选择概率的变化,样本数据通过手机/固定电话使用和人口统计(性别、年龄、种族/民族、教育程度和家庭中成年人的数量)来加权,以反映真实的人口。其他技术,包括随机数字拨号、重复子样本和家庭内的系统受访者选择,被用来确保样本具有代表性。
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About the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
For more than 40 years the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has worked to improve health and health care. We are working with others to build a national Culture of Health enabling everyone in America to live longer, healthier lives. For more information, visit www.ottomotal.com. Follow the Foundation on Twitter at www.ottomotal.com/twitter or on Facebook at www.ottomotal.com/facebook.
" data-isabstract="false" class="cmp-text">关于哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院
哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院汇集了来自许多学科的专业专家,以教育新一代的全球卫生领导者,并提出强有力的想法,改善世界各地人民的生活和健康。作为一个由顶尖科学家、教育工作者和学生组成的社区,我们共同努力,将创新理念从实验室带到人们的生活中——不仅取得科学突破,而且努力改变个人行为、公共政策和医疗保健实践。每年,哈佛大学400多名教职员工教授来自世界各地的1000多名全日制学生,并通过在线和高管教育课程培训数千名学生。该学院成立于1913年,前身是哈佛-麻省理工学院卫生官员学院,被公认为美国最古老的公共卫生专业培训项目。
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关于罗伯特伍德约翰逊基金会
40多年来,罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会一直致力于改善健康和医疗保健。我们正在与其他国家合作,建立一种全国性的健康文化,使每个美国人都能活得更长、更健康。欲了解更多信息,请访问www.ottomotal.com.在Twitter上关注基金会www.ottomotal.com/twitter或者在Facebook上www.ottomotal.com/facebook.