美国国家公共电台/哈佛大学/RWJF民意调查显示,歧视渗透在日常生活中,影响着美国各群体的健康
When asked about specific experiences:
- Four in 10 (40%) blacks say they have experienced people acting afraid of them because they are black; that goes up to 57 percent among black men, versus 26 percent for black women.
- Some 42 percent of blacks say they have experienced violence or threats because they are black; half (51%) say they have personally experienced people using racial slurs or negative comments.
- At least half of blacks surveyed report being discriminated against because they are black when it comes to being paid equally or considered for a promotion (57%) or when applying for jobs (56%).
- Forty five percent of blacks say they have been discriminated against when trying to rent a room or apartment or buy a house.
It’s well documented that blacks have poorer health and die sooner than whites in America. The cumulative experiences with discrimination like being unfairly stopped by the police, being unfairly fired, having people act as if they are afraid of you or feeling like you are treated with less courtesy than others—so-called microaggressions—can trigger a slew of health problems for blacks, says David Williams, PhD, MPH, the Florence Sprague Norman and Laura Smart Norman Professor of Public Health at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and Sociology at Harvard University. This includes elevated blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, cancer, and even premature aging or mortality.
“Over 200 black people die prematurely every single day in America, in part, because of racism in society,” Williams says. “This poll helps us see where we need to take action to address the problem.”
The “Discrimination in America” survey was conducted in the first quarter of 2017. A copy of the first report, examining the experiences and views of 802 African Americans can be obtained here. A final report with highlights from all eight groups surveyed will be released in December 2017.
The Harvard School of Public Health, NPR, and RWJF presented a forum today with expert perspectives on the topic. Learn more by accessing the on-demand recording.
Methodology
The survey was conducted January 26-April 9, 2017, among a nationally representative, probability-based telephone (cell and landline) sample of 3,453 adults age 18 or older. The survey included nationally representative samples of African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, as well as white Americans; men and women, and LGBTQ adults. This report presents the results specifically for a nationally representative probability sample of 802 African American U.S. adults. Future reports will analyze each other group, and the final report will discuss major highlights from the series.
About the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health brings together dedicated experts from many disciplines to educate new generations of global health leaders and produce powerful ideas that improve the lives and health of people everywhere. As a community of leading scientists, educators, and students, we work together to take innovative ideas from the laboratory to people’s lives—not only making scientific breakthroughs, but also working to change individual behaviors, public policies, and health care practices. Each year, more than 400 faculty members at Harvard Chan School teach 1,000-plus full-time students from around the world and train thousands more through online and executive education courses. Founded in 1913 as the Harvard-MIT School of Health Officers, the School is recognized as America’s oldest professional training program in public health.
About National Public Radio (NPR)
NPR's rigorous reporting and unsurpassed storytelling connect with millions of Americans everyday—on the air, online, and in person. NPR strives to create a more informed public—one challenged and invigorated by a deeper understanding and appreciation of events, ideas, and cultures. With a nationwide network of award-winning journalists and 17 international bureaus, NPR and its Member Stations are never far from where a story is unfolding. Listeners consider public radio an enriching and enlightening companion; they trust NPR as a daily source of unbiased independent news, and inspiring insights on life and the arts. Learn more at npr.org/about or by following NPR Extra on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
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新泽西州普林斯顿大学美国国家公共电台/哈佛大学公共卫生学院/罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会的一项新民意调查显示,歧视在多大程度上影响了美国八个群体的生活,并推动了影响他们健康、安全和福祉的决定。这项规模最大的民意调查询问了3453人在日常生活中十几个领域遭受歧视的个人经历,其中包括非洲裔美国人、拉丁裔美国人、亚裔美国人、印第安人、白人和LGBTQ成年人,以及男性和女性。关于每个群体如何遭受歧视的报告将在未来几周内发布。
今天发布的该系列的第一份报告显示,美国黑人在生活的许多方面都持续受到歧视,包括与警察互动,申请工作或寻求晋升,试图租公寓或买房,或去看医生或诊所。调查显示,对歧视的恐惧会影响人们是否去就医,是否在需要时报警,甚至是否开车或参加社交活动。
例如,在接受调查的802名黑人成年人中,近三分之一(32%)的人表示,他们在去看医生或健康诊所时亲身经历过种族歧视,22%的人因害怕种族歧视而避免就医。与此同时,60%的黑人表示,他们或家人因为是黑人而受到警察的不公平拦截或虐待。近三分之一(31%)的人表示,对歧视的恐惧导致他们即使在需要的时候也避免报警。
“这项民意调查是独一无二的,因为它告诉我们许多群体在生活的许多领域受到歧视的个人经历,而不仅仅是他们对歧视的看法或他们认为歧视如何影响社会,”哈佛大学卫生政策和政治分析理查德·l·门谢尔教授、该民意调查的联合主任罗伯特·布伦登博士说。“获得更多来自不同群体的歧视经验是很重要的,这是以前任何人都没有看到过的,因为我们知道这对健康有巨大影响。”
RWJF总裁兼首席执行官Richard Besser医学博士说:“如果有人因为害怕歧视而逃避就医,他们就有可能在严重的情况下被诊断出来,或者放弃对糖尿病和高血压等慢性疾病的治疗。但除此之外,我们知道。反复受到歧视的压力种族主义实际上首先会使这些情况更有可能发生,并缩短寿命。因此,这些反应提供了一个重要的视角,让我们了解歧视是如何在短期和长期内影响人们的。”
当被问及具体经历时:
- 十分之四(40%)的黑人说,他们经历过有人因为他们是黑人而害怕他们;这一比例在黑人男性中高达57%,而黑人女性为26%。
- 大约42%的黑人表示,他们因为是黑人而遭受过暴力或威胁;一半(51%)的人表示,他们亲身经历过有人使用种族歧视或负面评论。
- 在接受调查的黑人中,至少有一半的人表示,在同工同酬或考虑升职(57%)或申请工作(56%)方面,他们因为自己是黑人而受到歧视。
- 45%的黑人表示,他们在租房或买房时受到了歧视。
有充分的证据表明,在美国,黑人的健康状况较差,而且比白人死得早。累积的歧视经历,比如被警察不公平地拦下,被不公平地解雇,让人们表现得好像他们害怕你,或者感觉你比其他人更不礼貌——所谓的微侵犯——会引发黑人的一系列健康问题,大卫·威廉姆斯博士说,公共卫生硕士。她是哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院的弗洛伦斯·斯普拉格·诺曼和劳拉·斯玛特·诺曼公共卫生教授,也是哈佛大学非洲和非裔美国人研究和社会学教授。这包括血压升高、肥胖、心脏病、癌症,甚至早衰或死亡。
“在美国,每天有超过200名黑人过早死亡,部分原因是社会中的种族主义,”威廉姆斯说。“这项民意调查帮助我们看到我们需要在哪些方面采取行动来解决这个问题。”
“美国的歧视””调查于2017年第一季度进行。在这里可以获得第一份报告的副本,该报告审查了802名非洲裔美国人的经历和观点。最终报告将于2017年12月发布,其中包括所有八个调查小组的重点内容。
哈佛大学公共卫生学院、美国国家公共电台(NPR)和RWJF今天举办了一个论坛,就这一主题发表了专家观点。通过访问点播录音了解更多信息。
方法
该调查于2017年1月26日至4月9日在具有全国代表性的基于概率的电话(手机和固定电话)样本中进行,共有3453名18岁或以上的成年人。该调查包括具有全国代表性的非洲裔美国人、拉丁裔美国人、亚裔美国人、美洲原住民以及美国白人;男性和女性,以及LGBTQ成年人。本报告特别提出了一个具有全国代表性的802名非裔美国成年人概率样本的结果。未来的报告将相互分析,最终报告将讨论该系列的主要亮点。
关于哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院
哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院汇集了来自许多学科的专业专家,以教育新一代的全球卫生领导者,并提出强有力的想法,改善世界各地人民的生活和健康。作为一个由顶尖科学家、教育工作者和学生组成的社区,我们共同努力,将创新理念从实验室带到人们的生活中——不仅取得科学突破,而且努力改变个人行为、公共政策和医疗保健实践。每年,哈佛大学陈学院的400多名教职员工教授来自世界各地的1000多名全日制学生,并通过在线和高管教育课程培训数千名学生。该学院成立于1913年,前身是哈佛-麻省理工学院卫生官员学院,被公认为美国最古老的公共卫生专业培训项目。
关于国家公共广播电台(NPR)
NPR严谨的报道和无与伦比的故事讲述每天通过广播、网络和面对面的方式与数百万美国人联系在一起。美国国家公共电台(NPR)致力于创造一个更有见识的公众——通过对事件、思想和文化的更深入的理解和欣赏来挑战和激励公众。美国国家公共电台(NPR)及其成员站拥有由屡获殊荣的记者组成的全国性网络和17个国际分社,从不远离正在发生新闻的地方。听众认为公共广播是一个丰富和有启发性的伙伴;他们相信美国国家公共电台每天提供公正独立的新闻,以及对生活和艺术的鼓舞人心的见解。欲知详情,请浏览npr.org/about或者收听NPR特别频道脸谱网,推特和Instagram.
For more than 40 years the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has worked to improve health and health care. We are working with others to build a national Culture of Health enabling everyone in America to live longer, healthier lives. For more information, visit www.ottomotal.com. Follow the Foundation on Twitter at www.ottomotal.com/twitter or on Facebook at www.ottomotal.com/facebook.
" data-isabstract="false" class="cmp-text">关于罗伯特伍德约翰逊基金会
40多年来,罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会一直致力于改善健康和医疗保健。我们正在与其他国家合作,建立一种全国性的健康文化,使每个美国人都能活得更长、更健康。欲了解更多信息,请访问www.ottomotal.com.在Twitter上关注基金会www.ottomotal.com/twitter或者在Facebook上www.ottomotal.com/facebook.
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